ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Alphabet, consonant, vowel, word, sentence, subject, predicate, object, verb, noun, pronoun, adverb, adjective, gerund, clauses, tenses, active/passive voices, direct/indirect speech, punctuation, precis, comprehension, letter/essay writing, synonyms, antonyms, usage, consonance and assonance.

ALPHABET: The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters, each having an upper- and lower-case form. It originated around the 7th century from Latin script.

VOWEL: The five letters A, E, I, O, U are called vowels.

CONSONANTS: The remaining 21 letters are called consonants.

WORD: When two or more letters are attached to one another, giving a meaning, then it is called a word. 

SENTENCE: When two or more words giving a meaning, are formed together then it is called a sentence.  

SUBJECT: A person or thing that is being considered, shown, or talked about in a sentence.

OBJECT: A person or thing that receives the action of the verb in a sentence. It is the who or what that the subject does something to.

PREDICATE: The part of a sentence which has the verb, and which tells us what the subject is or does. In the sentence — ‘He went cycling after returning from school’ the predicate is ‘went cycling after returning from school’.

VERB: Verbs are words that show action (sing), occurrence (develop), or state of being (exist). Almost every sentence requires a verb. The basic form of a verb is known as its infinitive. The forms call, love, break, and go are all infinitives. ... The verb's past tense usually has the same -ed form as the past participle.

ADVERB: An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb (he sings loudly), an adjective (very tall), another adverb (ended too quickly), or even a whole sentence (Fortunately, I had brought an umbrella). Adverbs often end in -ly, but some (such as fast) look exactly the same as their adjective counterparts.

ADJECTIVE: Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns: enormous, doglike, silly, yellow, fun, fast. They can also describe the number of nouns: many, few, millions, eleven.

NOUN: A noun is a word that refers to a thing, a person, an animal, a place, a quality, an idea, or an action. It's usually a single word, but not always: cake, shoes, school bus, and time and a half are all nouns.

PRONOUN: A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase. ... Possessive pronouns refer to things or people that belong to someone. The main possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs.

GERUND: A gerund is the –ing form of a verb that functions the same as a noun. For example, “Running is fun.” In this sentence, “running” is the gerund. It acts just like a noun.

CLAUSE: A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). A clause may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete sentence in itself. For example, He was eating a bacon sandwich. [clause]

TENSES: Verbs come in three tenses: past, present, and future. ... The present tense is used to describe things that are happening right now or things that are continuous. The future tense describes things that have yet to happen (e.g., later, tomorrow, next week, next year, three years from now).

There are 12 Verb Tenses in English. They are Present Simple, Present Continuous/Progressive, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive, Past Simple, Past Continuous/Progressive, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive, Future Simple, Future Perfect, Future Continuous/Progressive, Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive

VOICE: The voice of a verb tells whether the subject of the sentence performs or receives the action. Voices are of two types: active and passive. In the active voice, the subject performs the action expressed by the verb. Eg. - Ram sings a song. In passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed by the verb. Eg.- A song is sung by Ram.

DIRECT/INDIRECT SPEECH: Direct speech describes when something is being repeated exactly as it was – usually in between a pair of inverted commas. For example, She told me, “I will come home by 10pm.”

The indirect speech will still share the same information – but instead of expressing someone’s comments or speech by directly repeating them, it involves reporting or describing what was said. An obvious difference is that with indirect speech, you won’t use inverted commas. For example, She said to me that she would come home by 10pm.

PUNCTUATION: Punctuation is the tool that allows us to organize our thoughts and make it easier to review and share our ideas. The standard English punctuation is as follows: period, comma, apostrophe, quotation, question, exclamation, brackets, braces, parenthesis, dash, hyphen, ellipsis, colon, semicolon.

PRECIS: A precis is a concise and clear statement of the substance of a longer passage in a connected and readable shape. A precis must be accurate, brief, and clear. A precis is in the precis writer's own word and it is about one-third of the original.

COMPREHENSION: It refers to your ability to understand something or your actual understanding of something. An example of comprehension is how well you understand a difficult math problem. ... Thorough understanding.

LETTER/ESSAY WRITING: One of the main things we learn in English Grammar is writing essays, letters, stories, etc. This helps us develop our language while exploring our creative sides.

If you want to write an essay, below are some steps to get you started.

1. Have something to say. This is important in any essay that you write. ...

2. Be able to condense your theme into a single statement. ...

3. Do your research. ...

4. Write your essay. ...

5. Your succeeding paragraphs should be logically structured. ...

6. Finally, edit your work.

Tips for writing a formal letter

1. Be concise. State the purpose of your formal letter in the first paragraph and don't veer from the subject. ...

2. Use an appropriate tone. ...

3. Proofread. ...

4. Use proper format and presentation. ...

5. Heading. ...

6. Inside address. ...

7. Salutation. ...

8. Body.

SYNONYMS: It is a word or phrase that has the same meaning as another word or phrase in the same language. Example: Big: large, huge, giant.

ANTONYMS: a word that means the opposite of another word.

 Example: Achieve - Fail, Giant - Dwarf, Random - Specific. 

USAGE: Usage is defined as the way that something is being used, or to the proper way to make use of something such as a word or phrase, or tool. When the power company measures how and when people use power, this is an example of a study of usage. When you use a word incorrectly, this is an example of improper usage.

CONSONANCE:

Consonant is A to Z excluding vowels.

Consonance is agreement or compatibility between opinions or actions.

Consonance is a figure of speech in which the same consonant sound repeats within a group of words.

Examples of Consonance in Sentences

1. Mike likes his new bike.

2. I will crawl away with the ball.

3. He stood on the road and cried.

4. Toss the glass, boss.

5. It will creep and beep while you sleep.

6. He struck a streak of bad luck.

ASSONANCE:

1. Relatively close juxtaposition of similar sounds especially of vowels (as in "rise high in the bright sky")

2. Repetition of vowels without repetition of consonants (as in stony and holy) used as an alternative to rhyme in verse.

3. Resemblance of sound in words or syllables.

Assonance, or “vowel rhyme,” is the repetition of vowel sounds across a line of text or poetry.

Examples of Assonance:

1. The light of the fire is a sight.

2. Go slow over the road.

3. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers (repetition of the short e and long i sounds)

4. Sally sells seashells beside the seashore (repetition of the short e and long e sounds)

5. Try as I might, the kite did not fly.